All About Peonies

History of Peonies

Peonies are native to Asia, primarily originating in China and later spreading to Japan and Korea. In ancient China, peonies were highly revered and cultivated for their beauty and medicinal properties. They were known as the “King of Flowers” and held a prominent place in Chinese art, literature, and culture.

The Imperial Gardens of China

During the Sui and Tang dynasties in China (6th-9th centuries), peonies gained even more prominence. Emperor Wu Di established the Imperial Gardens, known as the “Mudan Yuan,” where he cultivated and displayed various peony varieties. This marked the beginning of systematic peony cultivation and selection.

Peonies became symbols of wealth, honor, and prosperity in Chinese culture. They were often associated with the imperial court and used in royal gardens. The flowers were particularly favored by the emperors and noble families, and their cultivation became a prestigious pursuit.

Spread to Japan and Korea

During the Tang Dynasty, peonies also found their way to Japan and Korea. The Japanese embraced peonies as a symbol of elegance and refinement. They developed their unique varieties, such as the “Itoh” peonies, which are hybrids of herbaceous and tree peonies.

Spread to Europe

Peonies made their way to Europe through the Silk Road trade route. They were initially introduced to Europe by botanists and explorers, who brought back peony plants and seeds from Asia. The flower’s beauty captivated European gardeners, and peony cultivation gained popularity during the Middle Ages and Renaissance periods.

In the 18th and 19th centuries, peonies experienced a “peony mania” in Europe. Collectors and enthusiasts sought rare and exotic peony varieties, driving up prices and making them highly desirable. This peony frenzy extended to North America, where peonies became cherished garden plants.

Growing Peonies

Peonies are perennial plants that are relatively easy to grow.

Here are some key points to consider when growing peonies:

• Planting
  • Peonies are best planted in the fall, ideally in well-draining soil enriched with organic matter. They prefer full sun but can tolerate partial shade.
• Soil Requirements
  • Peonies thrive in neutral to slightly acidic soil. Ensure the soil is fertile and well-drained to prevent water logging, which can cause root rot.
• Watering
  • While peonies require regular watering, they dislike excessive moisture. Water deeply but infrequently, allowing the soil to dry out between watering sessions.
• Support
  • Peonies often have heavy blooms that may require support to prevent them from drooping. Stake or use peony rings to provide support as the plants grow.
• Maintenance
  • Deadhead spent flowers to encourage further blooming and remove any diseased or damaged foliage. Cut back the stems to ground level in late fall or early winter.

Types of Peonies

Here are a few popular types:

Herbaceous Peonies

These are the most common peony types, featuring lush, bushy foliage and large, fragrant flowers. They come in various colors, including white, pink, red, coral, and yellow.

Tree Peonies

Tree peonies have woody stems and larger, more delicate flowers compared to herbaceous peonies. They offer a wider range of colors, including pastel shades, deep purples, and even bicolor varieties.

Intersectional or Itoh Peonies

These are hybrids between herbaceous and tree peonies, combining the best traits of both. They produce abundant, large flowers in a range of colors.

Colors and Symbolism of Peonies

Peonies come in a wide array of colors, ranging from delicate pastels to vibrant hues. Here are some popular colors of peonies:

White

White peonies are elegant and timeless. They symbolize purity, innocence, and new beginnings. Varieties like ‘Bowl of Cream,’ ‘Shirley Temple,’ and ‘Festiva Maxima’ showcase beautiful white blooms.

Pink

Pink peonies are among the most common and beloved. They exude femininity, grace, and romance. Shades of pink can vary from light blush to deep magenta. Examples of pink peonies include ‘Sarah Bernhardt,’ ‘Coral Charm,’ and ‘Pink Hawaiian Coral.’

Red

Red peonies make a bold and passionate statement. They symbolize love, desire, and strength. Shades of red can range from vibrant scarlet to deep crimson. Notable red peony varieties include ‘Karl Rosenfield,’ ‘Red Charm,’ and ‘Henry Bockstoce.’

Coral

Coral peonies exhibit warm, peachy-orange tones with hints of pink. They offer a unique and captivating color option. Varieties such as ‘Coral Sunset,’ ‘Coral Charm,’ and ‘Coral Supreme’ showcase stunning coral blooms.

Yellow

Yellow peonies bring a cheerful and sunny vibe to gardens. They represent joy, happiness, and friendship. Yellow peonies can range from soft buttery shades to vibrant golden tones. Examples include ‘Bartzella,’ ‘Yellow Crown,’ and ‘Yellow Heaven.’

Lavender

Lavender peonies showcase a delicate and soothing color. They evoke a sense of tranquility, grace, and femininity. Varieties like ‘Kansas,’ ‘Pastel Splendor,’ and ‘Lavender Grace’ exhibit beautiful lavender blooms.

Bi-color and Multi-color

Some peonies exhibit captivating bi-color or multi-color blooms, adding an extra layer of visual interest. These peonies often feature contrasting hues on the petals, creating a striking effect. Examples include ‘Buckeye Belle’ (red and white), ‘Raspberry Sundae’ (pink and white) and ‘Bowl of Beauty’ (pink and yellow).

Other Colors

Peonies can also be found in shades of apricot, mauve, burgundy, magenta and even purple.

Fun Facts about Peonies

1. Peonies are known for their longevity. Once established, they can live and bloom for several decades, bringing beauty to your garden year after year.

2. Peonies are celebrated for their delightful fragrance. The scent can range from sweet and floral to citrusy or spicy, depending on the variety.

3. In China, the peony is considered the “Queen of Flowers” and is highly cherished. It is the national flower of China and is prominently featured in Chinese art, poetry, and textiles.

4. Peonies have been used in traditional medicine for centuries. Some parts of the plant, such as the roots, have been utilized for their potential anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties.

Whether gracing gardens, adorning bouquets, or symbolizing love and prosperity, peonies continue to capture the hearts of many with their timeless beauty, rich history, and cultural significance.